Cognitive Behavioral Satiety Scale (CBSS)

Abstract

The Cognitive Behavioural Sati Scale (CBSS), developed by Sangprasert et al. in 2023, is a 17-item comprehensive instrument designed to measure mindfulness within the specific Thai cultural context. This scale was created to address a significant gap in psychological assessment, which lacked reliable and culturally relevant tools capable of evaluating both the cognitive processes and behavioral aspects associated with mindfulness practice in Thailand.

The development methodology involved rigorous steps, beginning with an initial pool of 21 items derived from expert focus group discussions. This pool was refined to the final 17-item measure, which included 12 newly developed items and 9 items adapted from the existing Srithanva Sati Scale (SSS; Silpakit & Silpakit, 2014). The CBSS was validated using a sample of older adults (aged 35 years and older) residing in Thailand. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed a strong hierarchical structure consisting of three primary factors—acceptance, awareness, and self-recollection—all loading onto an overarching second-order mindfulness factor. The study reported robust evidence of the scale’s internal consistency and validity.

Keywords

Acceptance, Awareness, Cognitive-Behavioral, Mindful Behavior, Mindfulness Practice, Mindfulness-Based Health Behaviors, Self-Recollection, Thai Context, Psychological Scale Development.

Authors

Sangprasert, Pantip; Pattaraarchachai, Junya; Palungrit, Srimuang; Bunman, Sitthiphon.

Purpose

The primary objective of the Cognitive Behavioural Sati Scale (CBSS) is to provide a precise and culturally appropriate instrument for assessing mindfulness-based health behaviors and related cognitions. The scale is specifically tailored for research and clinical applications within the Thai cultural context, ensuring the measure reflects the local understanding and practice of Sati (mindfulness).

By assessing both cognitive and behavioral dimensions, the CBSS offers a comprehensive view of how individuals in Thailand engage in mindfulness, moving beyond purely cognitive assessments common in Western-developed instruments.

Construct

The CBSS operationalizes mindfulness as a hierarchical construct composed of three distinct yet interrelated first-order factors that contribute to an overarching second-order factor of mindfulness. This model integrates both traditional and behavioral aspects of the practice.

The three core components measured by the scale are:

• Awareness: The ability to maintain focused attention on present experiences.

• Acceptance: A non-judgmental stance toward internal and external experiences.

• Self-Recollection: The process of reflecting on or recalling one’s state or actions, often associated with traditional Sati practice.

Validity

The validity of the CBSS was established through both content and construct validation procedures, ensuring the instrument accurately measures the intended psychological domains.

Content Validity: Content validity was rigorously established through multiple stages. The initial item pool was developed and vetted by experts, followed by detailed focus group discussions to ensure cultural relevance and clarity. This expert consensus process ultimately led to the selection of the final 17 items.

Construct Validity: Construct Validity was supported by correlating the newly developed items with the well-established Srithanva Sati Scale (SSS). The resulting Pearson’s correlation coefficients consistently exceeded 0.70, indicating a strong positive relationship and confirming that the new items measure the same underlying construct of mindfulness as the SSS items.

Reliability

The CBSS demonstrated strong psychometric reliability, particularly in terms of Internal Consistency, using two standard statistical measures: Cronbach’s alpha (α) and McDonald’s omega (ω).

The overall scale exhibited high reliability, with a total scale Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86 and McDonald’s omega of 0.88. The four subscales also showed good to strong internal consistency metrics:

• Awareness subscale: α = 0.85 and ω = 0.87

• Acceptance subscale: α = 0.70 and ω = 0.72

• Self-recollection subscale: α = 0.80 and ω = 0.81

• Mindful behavior subscale: α = 0.85 and ω = 0.87

Factor Analysis

The scale structure was validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), which employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to test competing theoretical models.

The most fitting model was a hierarchical structure incorporating three first-order factors: acceptance, awareness, and self-recollection. This three-factor hierarchical model consistently yielded superior overall fit indices and strong factor loadings, ranging from 0.54 to 0.81. This structure was statistically preferred over an alternative two-factor hierarchical model (mindful behavior and acceptance), which showed slightly lower loadings (0.52 to 0.79).

Instrument

Test Type: Original Inventory/Questionnaire

Format: Response options for the items utilize a 5-point frequency scale, including “never,” “rarely,” “often,” “very often,” and “every time.”

Language Available: Thai

Population Group: Human; Male; Female

Age Group: Adulthood (18 years & older); Thirties (30-39 years); Middle Age (40-64 years); Aged (65 years & older)

Population Details:

• Location: Thailand

• Respondents: Older Adults (defined as individuals 35 years and older)

Test Methodology: The comprehensive methodology employed in the development and validation of the CBSS included Test Validity, Construct Validity, Content Validity, Test Reliability, Internal Consistency, Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

Keywords

Acceptance, Awareness, Cognitive Behavioral Mindfulness, Self-recollection, Mindful behavior, Psychometrics, Thailand, Sati Scale.

Authors

The scale was developed by a team of researchers, primarily affiliated with Thammasat University and Tulane University:

• Sangprasert, Pantip

  • Author ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-2901

  • Affiliation: Thammasat University Faculty of Nursing, Department of Community Health Nursing

  • Correspondence Address: [email protected]

• Pattaraarchachai, Junya

  • Author ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5838-7082

  • Affiliation: Tulane University

• Palungrit, Srimuang

  • Affiliation: Thammasat University Faculty of Medicine, Division of Community and Family Medicine

• Bunman, Sitthiphon

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

• Permissions: Contact Corresponding Author

• Commercial: No

• Fee: No

• Test Year: 2023

Reference’s

Sangprasert, P., Pattaraarchachai, J., Palungrit, S., & Bunman, S. (2023). Development and validation of the Cognitive Behavioural Sati Scale (CBSS). Mindfulness, 14(9), 2137–2144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-023-02167-8

Silpakit, P., & Silpakit, O. (2014). Srithanva Sati Scale (SSS).

Items of the Cognitive Behavioural Sati Scale (CBSS)

IMPORTANT: The following scale items must be preserved in their original language and must not be changed in any way.

This measure consists of 17 items. No specific item content is provided in the text.
The factors and subscales identified are: Awareness, Acceptance, Self-recollection, and Mindful behavior.