Coping with Sleep Problems Scale for Pregnant Women (CSPS-PW)

Abstract

The Coping with Sleep Problems Scale for Pregnant Women (CSPS-PW), developed by Gokdemir & Yilmaz in 2023, is a specialized self-report assessment instrument. Its primary function is to systematically evaluate the various strategies and coping methods employed by pregnant women to address sleep problems. The scale development followed a rigorous, three-phase methodology. Initially, 46 items were generated based on an extensive literature review and existing psychological instruments.

Following initial expert feedback and a pilot study, the item pool was refined to 36 items, ensuring strong content validity and face validity. The final validation phase, conducted in Turkey using a sample of pregnant women ranging from 8 to 42 weeks gestation, utilized Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). This analysis yielded a final, concise 18-item scale structured across four distinct factors. While the study successfully established preliminary reliability, including strong internal consistency and split-half measures, the authors noted that constraints imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic prevented the execution of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and subsequent test-retest reliability assessments.

Keywords

Coping by Developing a Sleeping Habit, Coping by Performing Activities That Make Sleeping Easier, Coping by Seeking Social Support, Coping by Thinking Positively, Coping Methods, Face Validity, Pregnancy, Pregnant Women, Sleep Problems.

Authors

Gokdemir, Fulya, Yilmaz, Tulay.

Purpose

The core purpose of the CSPS-PW is to provide a standardized, quantifiable measure of the behavioral and cognitive strategies that pregnant women utilize when experiencing disturbances in their sleep patterns. As a self-report assessment, it captures the subjective experience of coping in this specific population.

This instrument is crucial for researchers and clinicians in maternal health, providing insight into which coping mechanisms are most prevalent or effective during the various stages of pregnancy (8 to 42 weeks).

Construct

The CSPS-PW measures the overall construct of Coping Methods specific to Sleep Problems during Pregnancy. The underlying construct, identified through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), is divided into four primary subdimensions, reflecting distinct approaches to managing sleep disturbances:

• Coping by Developing a Sleeping Habit

• Coping by Performing Activities That Make Sleeping Easier

• Coping by Seeking Social Support

• Coping by Thinking Positively

Validity

The psychometric evaluation of the CSPS-PW included assessments of content, construct, and criterion validity.

• Content Validity: Content validity was established through expert review. The Item-Content Validity Index (I-CVI) for the 36 items prior to final EFA ranged robustly from 0.85 to 1.0. The overall Scale-Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was reported as 0.91, indicating strong relevance and representativeness of the items.

• Construct Validity: Evidence for construct validity was supported by the successful extraction of four meaningful factors through the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), which aligns with theoretical conceptualizations of coping strategies.

• Criterion Validity: The CSPS-PW was evaluated against the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS–Sleep Disturbance–Short Form). The results indicated no significant correlation between the total CSPS-PW score and the total PROMIS score (r = .079, p = 1.131). Similarly, the second (r = .057, p = .273) and fourth (r = −.010, p = 0.845) subdimension scores showed no significant correlation with the PROMIS measure. This suggests that the CSPS-PW measures coping mechanisms rather than the severity of sleep disturbance itself.

Reliability

The reliability of the CSPS-PW was assessed using both internal consistency and split-half methods.

• Internal Consistency: The 18-item scale demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The Corrected Item-Total Correlation (CITC) values ranged from .286 to .538. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the total CSPS-PW scale was calculated at .799. For the individual subdimensions, Cronbach’s alpha ranged from .614 to .763.

• Split-Half Reliability: The scale showed adequate split-half reliability, with the reliability coefficient reported as 0.734 for the first half and 0.714 for the second half. Further analysis yielded a Guttman split-half coefficient of 0.625 and a Spearman-Brown coefficient of 0.625.

Factor Analysis

Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was utilized to determine the underlying structure of the scale.

• Methodology: The EFA employed Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with a sample of pregnant women in Turkey.

• Results: The analysis extracted four distinct factors from the final 18 items. These four factors collectively accounted for 47.987% of the total variance observed in the data. The variance explained by each of the four subdimensions was 13.401%, 12.119%, 11.298%, and 11.169%, respectively.

Instrument

Test Type: Original Inventory/Questionnaire

Format: Items are rated on a five-point Likert-type response scale.

Language Available: Turkish

Population Group: Human; Female

Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older); Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs); Thirties (30-39 yrs)

Population Details: The scale was validated using pregnant women in Turkey, specifically those with a gestational age between 8 and 42 weeks.

Test Methodology: Test Validity (Construct Validity, Content Validity, Criterion Validity); Test Reliability (Internal Consistency, Split-Half Reliability); Factor Analysis (Exploratory Factor Analysis, Principal Component Analysis).

Keywords

Coping Methods, Pregnancy, Sleep Problems, Psychometrics, Self-Report Scale, Factor Analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, Turkey.

Authors

Author ORCID Identifier:

• Gokdemir, Fulya: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-3862

• Yilmaz, Tulay: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3706-3844

Affiliation Email addresses:

• Gokdemir, Fulya (Affiliation): Artvin Coruh University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecologic Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences.

• Yilmaz, Tulay (Affiliation): Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Health Sciences.

• Gokdemir, Fulya (Email): [email protected]

Correspondence Address:

• Gokdemir, Fulya: [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

The CSPS-PW was officially published in 2023. Researchers interested in utilizing the scale must contact the corresponding author for formal permission.

• Permissions: Contact Corresponding Author.

• Fee: No

• Commercial: No

• Test Year: 2023

Reference’s

Gokdemir, F., & Yilmaz, T. (2023). Development and psychometric properties of the Sleep Problems and Coping with Sleep Problem Scales for Pregnant Women. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 79(6), 2378–2392. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.15592

Items of the Coping with Sleep Problems Scale for Pregnant Women (CSPS-PW)

IMPORTANT: The following scale items must be preserved in their original language and must not be changed in any way.

No data is Available. This is an 18-item measure.